The Gas And Natural Gas - 1615 Words

As Alberta Energy Regulator (2016) stated the irregular reservoirs of oil and natural gas are located underground in different formations. The unconventional reservoirs of oil and natural gas are considered hard to extract as these are in the rocks where it is difficult for oil and gas to travel to surface. In order to extract those reservoirs a technique called fracturing is developed over the years to make use of the hidden natural resources which were considered unfeasible to dig out as explained in Hydraulic fracturing. Hydraulic Fracturing is a very recognizable and most commonly used technique in North America to extract natural oil and gas from unconventional reservoirs as Manfreda John (2015) stated. The fracturing started†¦show more content†¦1.0 Fracturing: What is Fracturing? Oil and gas is extracted through the technique by shattering the unusual formation which has oil and gas in it. This technique is called fracturing. The term Hydraulic fracturing is widely used in place of fracturing. The Alberta Energy Regulation (2016) explains that in the fracturing process rocks or other forms of substance underneath the earth are broken down by using pressurized liquids. Other ingredients include sand or other forms of tiny particles which will help keep cracks in the arrangement. These small particles will remain there making the space flow of oil and gas to flow freely from these rocks. As per UKOOG (2013) in fracturing a well is made to access the area where there are the resources of un conventional oil and gas. The well is very similar to what we dig to get the water. The unconventional oil and gas resources are very deep in the earth so the well is made way deeper. The well for the unconventional oil and gas is normally deep. A pipe is then inserted into that well to make the flow of the unconventional oil and gas to the surface. The sides of the pipe are cemented in order to make sure that the natural water is not being contaminated. The holes are made at the horizontal section of the pipe at few places. The holes are made to crack the rocks which contain unconventional oil and

`` Pyramus And Thisbe `` By Ovid - 1291 Words

Love has such a strange power, where once you have encountered it, you can’t reverse it. As a consequence of going down this love path, it has made you confront an indefinite measure of agony whereas you think what it’s like if you have never fallen in love in the first place. Ironic, isn’t it? Love is supposed to be a feeling of ecstasy, a waterfall that washes away all the pain that reality has caused. Instead, it causes more struggles for you to go through. Yet, love is designed in a way that everything you are facing for your beloved shows how much they are meant to you, making every struggle overcome worth it in the end. A well- known myth â€Å"Pyramus and Thisbe† written by Ovid, demonstrates the ideal way of how strong the power of love is. A story of star-crossed lovers separated by a wall and by their parents’ rules, both meet up but unexpectedly are led to their death, but their souls still yet remain chained together. Another popular cla ssic â€Å"Romeo and Juliet†, both protagonists of the story surmounted the obstacles that got in the way of their love. The risks and sacrifices they make show to what extreme they’ll go to, ending with them surrendering their life to be to with one another. â€Å"Pyramus and Thisbe† and â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† both construct along similar story lines, yet are distinctive in countless ways as well. Although they are developed along similar story lines, there are several minor key points that could be differentiated. The protagonists in â€Å"RomeoShow MoreRelatedPyramus And Thisbe Vs. Romeo And Juliet1220 Words   |  5 PagesProf. Elizabeth Fogle CAMS 045 Final Paper/Final Draft August 15, 2014 Pyramus Thisbe vs. Romeo Juliet Tragic love stories have always been appealing to the literary world. This would be seen in Ovid s Pyramus and Thisbe and William Shakespeare s Romeo and Juliet. Ovid, one of Rome’s greatest poets, was famous for The Metamorphoses. His love stories were deeply emotional, yet very tragic. The story of Pyramus and Thisbe is the most emotional story in The Metamorphoses and the most referencedRead MoreOvid’s Pyramus and Thisbe Influence on Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet816 Words   |  3 Pagesof all those authors, Ovid was Shakespeare’s most beloved. The two writers’ connection has been noticed from almost the beginning of Shakespeares career. Ovid was Shakespeares master of poetry. Ovid’s influence over Shakespeare’s works is clearly evident in one of Shakespeare’s most famous tragic plays, Romeo and Juliet. Although Shakespeare may have extremely embellished the story, the plot of Romeo and Juliet is extremely parallel to the one in Ovid’s Pyramus and Thisbe. The two stories shareRead MoreEssay on Romeo and Juliet Compare and Contrast to Pyramus and Thisbe1125 Words   |  5 PagesThe stories of Romeo and Juliet and Pyramus and Thisbe both talk of young lovers willing to be together no matter what the consequences may be. The love between the two couples was so strong that they were would die for their lovers. Although, the sequence of events that lead to the tragic endings of these stories have their differences as well. Ovids story of Pyramus and Thisbe came out a little before Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet. Many believe because of the similarities in plotRead MoreAnalysis Of Shakespeare s The Midsummer Night s Dream Essay1165 Words   |  5 PagesSHAKESPEARES PLAYS-SHAKESPEARE Interpretations of greek mythology in shakespeare: mention main focus on ovid and reasons—most popular at time --can briefly mention other sources One of the ways Shakespeare incorporated classical allusion into his work was simply by description. He would reference a character or place, in place of an adjective, so as not to have to go into too much detail as his audience at the time would have understood that point he was trying to get across due to their educationRead MorePyramus And Thisbe Essay896 Words   |  4 PagesNot everyone has the same idea of beauty. Ovid’s â€Å"Pyramus and Thisbe† follows lovers who are forbidden to be with each other. The beauty that comes from the love that they share is shut down by the wall between them. Rod Sterling’s Twilight Zone episode â€Å"Eye of the Beholder† follows Ms. Tyler who gets surgery to try to make herself look â€Å"normal† but when the surgery does not work she is forced to go to a place for people who look like her. The viewer of the show sees her as a normal person butRead MoreAnalysis Of Ovid s The Apollo Essay1556 Words   |  7 Pagessense of obsession or consumption of the whole self, resulting in destructive consequences for the victims of that power. The stories written by Ovid will be explored in the light of how the lack of trying to control the powerful nature of love will result in a transformation of the mind, changing sanity and common sense to reckless irrational reasoning. Ovid warns what love without moderation usually results in tragedy yet is also necessary in life. Ovid’s tale of â€Å"Apollo and Daphne† presents loveRead MoreComparing Romeo and Juliet and Pyramus and Thisbe Essay619 Words   |  3 PagesPyarum and Thisbe are almost so closely related, that there are infamous of resemblances that you can point out. There are the obvious general observations, but once you dig deep, you find that there are much more comparisons that meet the eye. Since they are so closely related, we are able to really truly understand the concepts that stand out through each reading. This will make our thoughts deeper and more powerful towards both texts. In Romeo and Juliet, the text is very similar to Pyramus and ThisbeRead MoreA Midsummer Night s Dream By Pyramus And Thisbe1325 Words   |  6 Pagesoften serves to highlight and reinforce the dramatic nature of the primary play. Pyramus and Thisbe do this exact practice in a midsummer night’s dream. Pyramus and Thisbe is the play which is performed by the mechanicals at the end of the play. Because the craftsmen are such bumbling actors, their performance satirizes the melodramatic Athenian lovers and gives the play a purely joyful, comedic ending. Pyramus and Thisbe face parental an social disapproval in the play-within-a-play, just as HermiaRead MoreThe Metamorphosis And The Chief Agent Of Transformations2073 Words   |  9 Pagesin Ovid s Metamorphoses. The transformations in Metamorphoses often follow from the chase or search for love or the effects promoted by love. The power of love in the metamorphosis plays a huge role in the transformations that happen, a common result of a love relationship is a cruel transformation. Fate plays a huge role in the stories of relationships between mortals and the gods. Blinding passion, or just ill-fortune lead mortals to restrict themselves to the paths of fate. However, Ovid portraysRead MoreReflection Of Ovids Metamorphoss1330 Words   |  6 Pagespreceded it by twenty-one years, it is elusive and ironic, mythic rath er than historical, and, as its name suggests, continually shifting its shape. Rather than chronicling and celebrating the monumentality of Rome and the grandeur of its emperor, Ovid here examines and reflects upon the passions and inner strengths and weaknesses of individuals. The Metamorphoses is a collection of tales rather than one complex story or set of adventures. Many scholars argue that it is unified by the recurring themes

Charecterization Of Shakespere free essay sample

# 8217 ; s Comedies Essay, Research Paper The Characteristics of Shakespeare comedies Shakespeare wrote many different signifiers of literary plants and one of them is comedy. At the terminal of his professional life he had written four celebrated comedies which were subsequently called his? love affairs? . Shakespeare? s comedies were non chiefly love narratives but they all included a love secret plan. His love affairs all had the happy stoping of a comedy, but in a manner they hinted on force ( Prentice Hall Literature ) . His focal point and accent was clearly towards the construction and linguistic communication of his comedies, which made his comedies rather distinct from others. The thoughts and constructs besides made his comedies designated, as we experienced it in one of his most celebrated comedy A Midsummer Night? s Dream. The construction of Shakespeare comedies is common in all his amusing play. The drama goes through three stages. In the first phase there is order and subject. We will write a custom essay sample on Charecterization Of Shakespere or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Then it goes through a state of affairs where there is pandemonium and upset. Finally in the 3rd phase order is restored once more and the drama ends in a gay stoping. In the beginning of A Midsummer Nights Dream we see that Theseus has full control over the people in Athens and he is acquiring ready to marry Hyppolita, queen of the viragos. Then rapidly the whole state of affairs alterations when Lysander and Hermia flee into the wood and complications start to construct up. The drama ends with a joyful stoping, when daytime has returned, the duke and duchess and the four lovers are united in the bonds of matrimony and they are entertaining themselves with dance and music. Their universe of love has come to its proper order. The linguistic communication was obviously the chief ground why Shakespeare? s comedies were more amusive than other comedies of his clip. He used many techniques to exemplify wit, and sometimes we have to cognize the interior significances to happen it amusing. The drama of words or wordplaies were really popular in the comedies of Shakespeare. Quince makes a good wordplay when he mentions the Gallic Crown. It is a wordplay because it could hold more than one significance, it could intend gilded coins or besides phalacrosis which is frequently caused by interventions of STD. Another good illustration of a wordplay is what Lysander says to Hermia? For lying so, Hermia, I do non lie? . This illustration shows how good Shakspere was at playing around with words as he uses the word prevarication in two different ways. Lie could intend both lying down or non stating the truth. Some of these wordplaies show a batch of facetiousness and humor. Lysander says to Demetrius? You have her male parent? s love. Make you get married him? connoting that Demetrius might be attractive to males. The obscene gags besides play a great portion in doing the drama amusing. What is peculiarly engrossing is that most of these dirty gags are unintended. The histrions mean something else, but we get the incorrect message. When the histrions say? I kiss the walls hole? or? Cursed be thy rocks? they literally mean it, while our head hunts for concealed significances. Oxymoron and sarcasms give an extra significance for the reader. Titania who has fallen in love with an buttocks says? Thou art as wise, as thou art beautiful? when we know that an buttocks is neither beautiful nor intelligent. Another thing that makes the comedy humourous is the manner Shakespeare shows stupidity among the characters. He uses different ways, like malaprop doctrine, overdone initial rhyme, mispronunciation and besides bad punctuation. In the drama we could easy separate the people who were non good educated through the errors they made when speaking and moving. The craftsmen really frequently used incorrectly but similar words accidentally which changed the significance of what they were seeking to state. They might utilize a large word and seek to sound clever, when they really sounded stupid. Using initial rhyme in a address usually sounds penetrating and intelligent but when it is exaggerated like, ? Whereat, with blade, with bloody blameworthy blade, he courageously broached his boiling bloody chest? , it sounds awkward and pointless. Mispronunciations like perfet alternatively of perfect and bad punctuation like? We do non come, as minding to content you, our true purpose is. ? makes the characters sound silly and the drama instead amusing. At the terminal when the workers were moving the Play Piramus and Thisbe we see how low the ir cognition of moving was. Theseus says to the fellow members of the audience that since the wall is a individual, it should cuss back at Pyramus. He meant it as a gag, but Bottom without cognizing where the proper parametric quantities of the phase are, stairss out of character and addresses Theseus straight, explicating that the wall shouldn? t speak, because the line is really Thisby? s cue to come on phase. Some of the thoughts and constructs that we have encountered in the yesteryear are besides found in Shakespeare comedies. The thought of love trigon is really of import in A Midsummer Night? s Dream. The love trigon formed struggles and complications which developed into the chief secret plan. Many characters became involved into the love trigon, and with the aid of Puck the state of affairs became more intense and sometimes really amusive. Another construct that we see in the drama is the reversal of function between male and female: Helena trailing Demetrius, when it is normally the male trailing the female. Helena? s function transforms from a inactive feminine one to an active, self-asserting masculine one. Flute who is a male had to dress up and move like a female when he was Thisbe in the drama. Besides Pyramus was described of holding red lips and white cheeks, which is really an ideal description of a female. The thought of waking and dreaming was besides really amusing, sinc e they were really sing it all. All the Athenians, plus Bottom and Titania fell asleep sometimes during the drama and they all woke up to hold themselves or their state of affairs changed. After waking from their concluding slumber, the lovers were amazed to see each other there and felt that their experiences were merely dreams. All the faery adventures that took topographic point during the moonlit dark seemed merely surreal hallucinations. The ancient thought of metabolism is besides expressed in Shakespeare? s comedy. Peoples are altering their understanding their feelings and their images throughout the drama. With the love juice of cupid both Demetrius and Lysander learned to alter the receiving system of their fondness. We see in the drama that love can turn people around, and sometimes do buttockss of them. Bottom transforming into an buttocks was a good illustration of metabolism. The construction, the linguistic communication, the thoughts and constructs are all of import parts of a Shakespeare comedy and with these evident features it is rather easy to separate a Shakespeare drama from another.

Suicide Essays (1073 words) - Suicide, Youth Suicide,

Suicide Everyday 700 people between the ages of fifteen and twenty-four attempt suicide. An estimated 5,000 teens a year commits suicide in the United States. This makes suicide the second leading cause of death for teens in our country. Many of these suicides appear like accidents. Suicide is a great problem in America. (McGuire, 1990) Suicide has a terrible affect on families. It is very hard for anyone to get over the loss of a person, especially a young person. Statistics show that parents that loose a child split up within five years. The community in which a suicide victim lived is also affected; this includes friends and strangers. The teacher of Alicia Hayes, who committed suicide in May of 1996, noticed changes in her behavior and today is feeling very guilty because she did not do anything about it. Most people, including Alicia's teachers and family, will never fully get over a suicide. (Kolehmainen, Handwerk, 1986) Suicide has been around for a long time. The first written account of suicide was about 4,000 years ago in Egypt. Eskimos once practiced suicide to provide food during times when there was none. During World War II Japanese Kamikaze pilots crashed into enemy targets, this was considered honorable. Greeks and Romans believed suicide was okay. However, Hebrew's and Christians prohibit suicide, it is considered murder. Catholics believe that suicide contradicts the natural inclination of humans to preserve bodies. (Hyde, 1986; The Catechism of the Catholic Church.) Many different types of people attempt suicide. Often teens that are considered 'perfect' are so pre-occupied with achieving approval of 'other people's goals'. 'Rebels' cover up their feelings with anger and bullying. Drug users try to escape their pain through drugs. All of these people may end up feeling empty inside, which could result in depression then suicide. (Hyde, 1986) There are many reasons for someone to commit suicide. One is to get relief from an intolerable state of mind or situation. Another is to make everyone see they are desperate. A new trend is to show how much they love someone. Or they are just miserable and nothing can change that. Suicide attempts are not hereditary. A dramatic event that threatens their happiness is often a cause. Strong demands are put on teens today that may cause depression. A parent loosing a job or a poor economic situation may cause much stress. (Hyde, 1986; McGuire, 1990) Pregnancy may cause intolerable pressure that may also end in suicide. Sexual abuse by a family member could lead to various mental problems. In a recent interview 'Jane Doe' said that she tried to commit suicide because she was severely depressed about being sexually abused by her stepfather. Not fitting in at school or with friends is another stressful experience on teens. Puberty brings on many emotions that some are not ready for. Almost everyone needs a close friend to share his or her feelings, hopes, and dreams. Some people have trouble developing or keeping relationships. (McGuire, 1990; Doe, 1997) In today's society models, with 'perfect' bodies, are young girls idols. Not seeing yourself as 'perfect' can cause a lack of self-esteem. Everyone must love himself or herself to survive. Anger turned inward can bottle up then someday will explode. Teens need a release from anger; no one can keep it locked away for long. Exercise and better communication with parents could relieve anger and stress caused by anger. (McGuire, 1990) Stress is a big problem with teens today. Teens today have different problems, some parents are getting divorces and some teens feel it is their fault. Teens also have so many pressures like sex and smoking. Someone needs to reach teens and help them in their struggles. Better stress programs in high school will relieve the hard transition from middle school to high school. To prevent more suicides, we should have better impact counseling. This could have prevented the deaths of two California teens in 1996. (Kolehmainen, Handwerk 1986; Time, 1996) Drugs are also a big problem; teens are constantly faced with them in the media, music, and even movies. A large percentage of youth suicide victims were drug abusers before their deaths, some think this may be a trigger. America needs more graphic programs that

Profile of the National Organization for Women (NOW)

Profile of the National Organization for Women (NOW) During a June 1966 meeting of state commissions on the status of women in Washington, D.C., Betty Friedan and other attendees felt dissatisfied with the lack of concrete forward motion. Seeing the need for a civil rights organization specifically focused on womens rights, 28 of them met in Friedans hotel room and created the National Organization for Women (NOW) to take action to achieve the equality of women. The time was ripe for such a move. In 1961, President Kennedy had established the Presidential Commission on the Status of Women (PCSW) to study and resolve problems experienced by women in areas like work, education, and tax laws. In 1963, Friedan had published her groundbreaking feminist classic The Feminine Mystique, and the Civil Rights Act of 1964 had technically outlawed sex discrimination (though many women still felt there was little or no enforcement.) Did You Know? Betty Friedan was elected the first president of NOW and served in that office for three years. NOW Statement of Purpose 1966: Key Points womens rights as truly equal partnership with men, fully equal partnership of the sexesfocused on activism: confront, with concrete action, the conditions that now prevent women from enjoying the equality of opportunity and freedom of choice which is their right as individual Americans, as human beingswomens rights seen in the context of the world-wide revolution of human rights; equality of women as an opportunity to develop their fullest human potentialspurpose to put women in the mainstream of American political, economic and social lifeNOWs commitment equality, freedom, and dignity for women specifically defined as not being about special privilege for women or enmity towards men Key Feminist Issues in Statement of Purpose employment the most attention in the document is to issues around employment and economicseducationfamily including marriage and divorce laws, home responsibilities by gender rolepolitical participation: in parties, decision-making, candidates (NOW was to be independent of any particular political party)images of women in the media, in culture, in laws, in social practicesbriefly addressed issue of double discrimination of African American women, linked womens rights to broader issues of social justice including racial justiceopposition to protectiveness in work, school, church, etc. NOW instituted seven task forces to work on these issues: The Seven Original NOW Task Forces. NOW Founders Included: Gene Boyer, 1925-2003Kathryn Clarenbach,1920-1994Inez Casiano, 1926-Mary Eastwood, 1930-Caroline Davis, 1911-Catherine East, 1916-1996Elizabeth Farians, 1923-Muriel Fox, 1928-Betty Friedan, 1921-2006Sonia Pressman Fuentes, 1928-Richard Graham, 1920-2007Anna Arnold Hedgeman, 1899-1990Aileen Hernandez, 1926-Phineas Indritz, 1916-1997Pauli Murray, 1910-1985Marguerite Rawalt, 1895-1989Sister Mary Joel ReadAlice Rossi, 1922-More about some of these women and men: The First NOW Officers Key NOW Activism Some key issues in which NOW has been active: 1967 Into the 1970s At the first NOW convention after the founding conference, 1967, members chose to focus on the Equal Rights Amendment, repeal of abortion laws, and public funding of child care. The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) remained a major focus until the final deadline for ratification passed in 1982. Marches, beginning in 1977, tried to mobilize support; NOW also organized boycotts by organizations and individuals of events in states which had not ratified the ERA; NOW lobbied for a 7-year extension in 1979 but the House and Senate only approved half of that time. NOW also focused on legal enforcement of provisions of the Civil Rights Act that applied to women, helped conceive and pass legislation inluding the Pregnancy Discrimination Act (1978), worked for repeal of abortion laws and, after Roe v. Wade, against laws that would restrict abortions availability or a pregnant womans role in choosing abortion. In the 1980s In the 1980s, NOW endorsed presidential candidate Walter Mondale who nominated the first woman candidate for VP of a major party, Geraldine Ferraro. NOW added activism against policies of President Ronald Reagan, and began to be more active on issues of lesbian rights. NOW also filed a federal civil suit against groups attacking abortion clinics and their leaders, resulting in a 1994 Supreme Court decision in NOW v. Scheidler. In the  1990s In the 1990s, NOW remained active on issues including economic and reproductive rights, and also became more visibly active on issues of domestic violence. NOW also created a Women of Color and Allies Summit, and took aim at the fathers rights movement as part of NOWs activism on issues of family law. In the  2000s After 2000, NOW worked to oppose the Bush administrations strategies on issues of womens economic rights, reproductive rights, and marriage equality. In 2006, the Supreme Court removed the NOW v. Scheidler protections that kept abortion clinic protesters from interfering with patients access to the clinics. NOW also took on issues of Mothers and Caregivers Economic Rights and the interface between disability issues and womens rights, and between immigration and womens rights. In 2008, NOWs Political Action Committee (PAC) endorsed Barack Obama for president. The PAC had endorsed Hillary Clinton in March, 2007,  during the primary.  The organization had not endorsed a candidate in the general election since the 1984 nomination of Walter Mondale for President and Geraldine Ferraro for Vice President. NOW also endorsed President Obama for a second term in 2012.  NOW continued to put pressure on President Obama on womens issues, including for more appointments of women and especially women of color.   In 2009, NOW was a key supporter of the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act, signed by President Obama as his first official act. NOW was also active in the struggle to keep contraception coverage in the Affordable Care Act (ACA). Issues of economic security, right to marry for same-sex couples, immigrant rights, violence against women, and laws limiting abortions and requiring ultrasounds or extraordinary health clinic regulations continued to be on NOWs agenda.  NOW also became active on new activity to pass the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA).

Funny Earth Day Quotes

Funny Earth Day Quotes Discussing pollution, global warming, and a dying planet can be quite onerous. To impress the urgency of the situation, and yet make matters light, you need a dash of humor. Here are some funny Earth Day quotes to make your point clear. Not only do these quotes nail the issue, but also they can stir up the masses. Today we need more hands to help us save Earth. We need to channel efforts right from the grassroot level. The powerful lobbies of wealthy industries need to be sensitized to the degradation of the environment that happens due to careless and wanton use of resources. Are we ready to clean up our act? If you think it is time to stir the hornets nest, let us work towards saving our planet. Let humor pave the way for meaningful dialogue. Dwight D. Eisenhower Farming looks mighty easy when your plow is a pencil, and youre a thousand miles from the corn field. Henry David Thoreau What is the use of a house if you haven’t got a tolerable planet to put it on? Thank God men cannot fly, and lay waste the sky as well as the earth. Stephanie Mills Environmentalists have long been fond of saying that the sun is the only safe nuclear reactor, situated as it is some ninety-three million miles away. Edward Abbey Our modern industrial economy takes a mountain covered with trees, lakes, and running streams and transforms it into a mountain of junk, garbage, slime pits, and debris. Marshall McLuhan There are no passengers on Spaceship Earth. We are all crew. Robert Orben There’s so much pollution in the air now that if it weren’t for our lungs there’d be no place to put it all. Bill Vaughn, The Portable Curmudgeon Suburbia is where the developer bulldozes out the trees, then names the streets after them. Ralph Nader The use of solar energy has not been opened up because the oil industry does not own the sun. Dave Barry Not all chemicals are bad. Without chemicals such as hydrogen and oxygen, for example, there would be no way to make water, a vital ingredient in beer. Dan Quayle It isnt pollution thats harming the environment. Its the impurities in our air and water that are doing it. Dave Foreman Our environmental problems originate in the hubris of imagining ourselves as the central nervous system or the brain of nature. Were not the brain, we are a cancer on nature. George Carlin Oh Beautiful for smoggy skies, Insecticided grain, For strip-mined mountains majesty Above the asphalt plain. America, America, Man sheds his waste on thee, And hides the pines with billboard signs, From sea to oily sea.

Motivation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Motivation - Research Paper Example These goals need to be ‘communicated’ to the team members. This communication is the second step in motivational strategy for project teams. Once the team members recognize goals and objectives, they can then focus on getting things done instead of thinking about experimenting random strategies. They will start to analyze processes with the comprehension and the focus of their target. This will give less chance to potential strategies becoming a waste of time. Next, the team needs the right tools to execute the plan set out by the project manager (Tran, 2009). Equipping them with the right tools is as important as communicating the goals. For instance, in this particular case, upgraded websites need to be sold. This is basically a marketing campaign and requires tremendous energy and innovative ideas. The team members must have Internet access while they brain storm and share ideas. They will know which marketing tools are most effectively working during the current period. They can use those tools and sell the websites and logs to customers and staff. Not having the right tools is a potential set back as it can lead the team to a lesser motivated state. Staying connected and following up over the life of project is mandatory. This communication needs to be between project manager and team members as well as among team members. Project managing (especially with teams) is not something that can be successfully accomplished by giving one set of instructions and the job will be done. It requires persistency and frequent or even constant communication. Here are few systematic approaches to motivating teams; A reward system doesn’t need to be expensive and it doesn’t always have to include financial rewards. Many managers find themselves in a difficult situation when they want to give incentives to employees to motivate them but the managers don’t have enough finances to reward them. This is a very easy scenario. Low

Personality disorder Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Personality disorder - Essay Example The people share and contrast their personality traits with the fellow humans, and are indentified with the group or community the patterns of which they follow in their everyday life in behavior. For instance, people categorize the individuals into benevolent and rude, and generous and selfish etc. The authors view high self-esteem as an important personality trait, which not only reflects high confident level and superior self-assessment, but also is extremely essential for obtaining successes in life (406). However, boosting over one’s abilities or having exaggerated confidence level also demonstrates low self-esteem, where one looks to be concealing his weaknesses with the help of snobbish behavior and embellishment. Similarly, admiration and acknowledgement are the factors to accelerate self-esteem to a great extent (407). Craig & Baucum are of the view that self-conception and estimation appear in children after their first birthday, and the affects of the first images o f self-discovery are long-lasting ones, which seldom perish throughout one’s lifespan (2002:228). ... (1936) submits to state that personality is assumed and estimated in the light of few prominent and unique traits and features possessed by the individuals. Personality characteristics are the entities, which produce prejudice among the individuals towards certain mental states; they also cause mental states like beliefs and desires, which in turn cause behaviors (Rosati et al., 2001:4). It is therefore some individuals appear to be introvert in nature (Coon & Mitterer, 408), and keep their views and thinking to themselves, while many people are extrovert, and frequently give vent to their ideas and opinions in the presence of others. In addition, some of the theorists are of the opinion that the individuals are motivated by observing the performance of others, which not only urge them to demonstrate the same or superior performance, but also help out in boosting up of their morale and self-esteem subsequently (Schmitt et al. 2000:1599); consequently, here appears social learning the ory that argues that all human acts are the outcome of the individuals’ observation of social establishment in which they have been brought up and have obtained socialization process. Consequently, supporters of social learning theory refute the possibility of nature theories that man enters the world carrying some specific personality features and characteristics (Coon & Mitterer, 421-22). It was Bandura to postulate that human behavior could be learned at the cognitive level through observing other people’s actions (Rogers, 2001:4); hence, people enter this world with the mind like clean slate, and learns every act by observing and imitating the others. Crime is aptly stated as learned behavior, which reflects the techniques and methodology the criminals get acquainted with by

The Effect of Poor Lightning Condition on Spelling Performance in 3rd Year Psychology Students Essay Example for Free

The Effect of Poor Lightning Condition on Spelling Performance in 3rd Year Psychology Students Essay The study was conducted to assess the disruption of cognitive performance such as spelling proficiency in a classroom with poor lighting condition. The participants were 31 students, who participated for course credit. It was hypothesized that participants undergoing the spelling test with poor lighting would report low results. The result of the mean is 4. 87 while the standard deviation resulted to 1. 91. We conclude that the results indicated that cognitive process such as vocabulary usage is greatly affected by poor lighting condition and is an affective instrument for determining how the subjects will respond to the given situation. The Effect of Poor Lightning Condition on Spelling Performance In 3rd year Psychology Students Vision is the ability of the brain and eye to detect electromagnetic waves within the visible range of light that makes them interpret this image as sight. Humans are a diurnal species (active in daytime) usually exposed to light while engaged in cognitive tasks. Light not only guides performance on these tasks through vision but also exerts non-visual effects that are mediated (Vandewalle, Maquet Dijk, 2009). People also can easily determine which changes in darkness and lightness are due to the physical properties f objects and the changes in illumination (Goldstein, 2008). The same research conducted by Vandewalle et al. (2009) also demonstrated that recent advancement studies ion vision which demonstrates that the wavelength, duration and intensity of light exposure adjust brain responses to (non-visual) cognitive tasks and adapts to different conditions. A similar study entitled â€Å"daylighting impacts on human performance in school† was conducted by Heschong, Wright Okura (2002) which aims to demonstrate a clear relationship between the presence of daylight and human performance. In humans, light enhances both alertness and performance during nighttime and daytime and influences regional brain function (Vandewalle Balteau, 2006). The results of these researches suggest that the adjustment of cognitive process and performance can vary to those people who are experiencing it with different and changing lighting condition as to support the claims of Makihara, Takizawa, Shirai Shimada (2007). Much of the studies conducted came with the conclusion that the more there is light, cognitive performance is absolute. In contrast, Landsberger (1955) found out in a study conducted by Hawthorne works that the workers’ productivity seemed to improve when changes were made and slumped when the study was concluded. Landsberger (1955) suggested that the productivity gain was due to the motivational effect of the interest being shown in them. However, it does not permit conclusions to be drawn about whether the lighting condition caused reductions in performance or was just a consequence of motivational effect in them (Simonson Brozek, 1948). In terms of effectiveness of lighting condition in increasing or reducing the performance of the subjects, the low lighting in the workplace may suggest that some of the subjects were just motivated in improving their performance to compete or may have been another case of demoralization. These drawn conclusions may suggest that this study is not that highly validated, thus, making it not that reliable also. The present study was an attempt to assess the disruption of cognitive performance, such as spelling proficiency in a classroom setting with no lighting. And the relationship of lighting and visual performance (Rea, 1992). Based on past experimental research on light as a modulator of cognitive brain function by Vandewalle et al. (2009) and related research on the effects of light exposure to brain responses (H. M. Parsons, 1974), it was expected that participants will end up with low scores in the spelling test due to low level of lighting. Method Participants Participants were 15 male and 16 female undergraduate students who attended San Beda College in Manila. The examiner used total enumeration in determining the participants. Total enumeration is selecting all members of the population without randomization. Apparatus The setting of the experiment was in classroom. It is of average size and the lighting is good. The room is also well ventilated. Then the participants were being ready for a spelling quiz. Instrument Participants were instructed to spell out the words given by the test instructor. The highest possible score on the test was 10. Design This experiment was a one-shot case design that is a type of pre-experimental design where a single group of test units is exposed to an experimental treatment and a single measurement is taken afterwards (Babylon, 2009) wherein the participants spelled in poor lighting and then the results was taken afterwards. Procedure The experimenter told the participants to prepare a paper for a spelling test. Then they proceeded with the experiment which is to spell words with the lights turned off. After the spelling quiz was done, the experimenter then opened the lights and then the results of the tests were checked. Results  The effect of poor lighting condition on spelling performance was assessed by finding the mean and standard deviation of the statistical data. The mean resulted to 4. 87 while having a standard deviation of 1. 91. Discussion The result of this study demonstrated that lighting condition greatly affects the cognitive performance of the students. As expected, majority of the participants garnered low scores during the unlighted spelling tests. Past research suggests that lighting conditions affects cognitive processes that tend to focus on how people would respond to that kind of situation (Vandewalle Balteau, 2006). The results of the present study support it because it demonstrates the validation of the past research and thus making it also reliable. In contrast to the study conducted by Landsberger (1955), which implies that the performance varies to the individual regardless of lighting condition, the results of the present study refute this idea. The results basically tell us that having the spelling test on unlighted condition will cause a poor cognitive performance. Although the hypothesis in this study was supported, the study has a limitation. No controls were taken to ensure that lighting condition experiment could occur into two experimental conditions. It is only a one-shot case study making it less dependable in stating whether a change in the outcome or dependent variable has taken place. In conclusion, the findings of this study are consistent with the claim of researchers such as (Vandewalle, Maquet Dijk, 2009) that light not only guides performance on these tasks through vision but also exerts non-visual effects that affects the human cognition. Light really enhances both alertness and performance during nighttime and daytime as the claims of the study of Heschong et al. (2002) states that daylighting impacts human performance in school. Lighting condition plays a large role in cognition not just only by giving us vision or sight as to go on with perception but also the scientific discovery that light exposure dynamically enhances brain responses.

World Systems :: essays research papers

World Systems The world history does not always go in the same route. Change in the balance of power all around the world and existence of big events such as the foundation of press are effective in the conversion of the way it goes. With the effect of these rotations, systems are also changing. The world system between 600 and 1500 is not same with the system after 1500. This differentiation in system at that time was related to the exploration of America. After the big geographical explorations, a new Euro-centric world system emerged. The Old World system was mainly Asia-centric. European states were far behind the Asian and Middle Eastern ones. According to the article of Janet Lippman Abu-Lughod which is named â€Å"The World System in the Thirteenth Century: Dead-End or Precursor†, beside the world system there were subsystems which were not â€Å"depending on each other for common survival in the thirteenth century†. There were three big circuits: Westers European, Middle Eastern, Far Eastern. â€Å"At that times the strongest centres and circuits were located in the Middle East and Asia. In contrast the European circuit was an upstart newcomer that for several early centuries was only tangentially and weakly linked to the core of the world system as it had developed between the eight and eleventh centuries.† As she mentioned, Europe joined the advanced world system of that time after 11th century, yet till 15th century it was not so effective. Although the states in east were developed, t his did not reflect to political arena. Every state was powerful in its own niche and as a result of this there was not a hierarchical form of political balance. These states could be thought as pockets. Nature of this system was production. As Janet L. Abu-Lughod mentioned â€Å"the production of primary and manufactured goods was not only sufficient to meet local needs but, beyond that, the needs for export as well. Then, the way of function of this system can be understood: trade. Trade was the main economic activity of the Old System. Trade was mostly depending on exchange of goods. In spite of this, Chinese merchants were using paper money like a credit card and Arabic dinar was the dollar of that time. All of these show us that the trade was also Asia-centric. The popular trade ways were through Middle East and Asia. Beside the economic side, trade was integrating cities and societies.

Does The Ecosystem Service Approach Environmental Sciences Essay

Globalization has led to a more reliant society on systems and services. A extremist displacement in sentiments of the ecosystems has occurred, from a really traditional point of view of the land being a manner of life, to a more modern idea ; human high quality is a precedence, comprehending the environment as natural capital. For many people, the modern manner of life has become embedded within society ; populating otherwise is frequently viewed as a battle, restricting possible engagement in activities. The ecosystem services attack considers ecosystems, in footings of, ( do n't cognize about the commas ) the flows of benefits to worlds, and linkages between these services and our wellbeing. The ‘approach ‘ incorporates everything from the conceptual footing of ecosystem services, through to mensurating, valuing and paying for services and links to human wellbeing. The ecosystem services are the benefits people gain from ecosystems, this illustrates? exemplifying our d ependance on ecosystem-based procedures that create the merchandises we need and use day-to-day. Different sums of ecological and economic accent occur when specifying ecosystem services ; ‘the direct and the indirect parts of ecosystems to human wellbeing ‘ ( TEEB Foundations 2010 ) Ecosystem services are besides seen as a bridging construct turn toing the causes and effects of effects ( Ehrlich and Ehrlich 1981. ) These definitions address human wellbeing instead than taking the environment into concern. Can you do this any longer, sentence to short? Promotions towards public-service corporation have occurred. In the yesteryear, the dominant statement was for biodiversity preservation where other species ‘ had the right to populate ( Vitousek et al 1997. ) The creative activity of a new subject of ecological economic sciences is based on the useful construct of nature, where worlds are perceived at an advantage ( Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. ) Society addresses the losingss and additions to themselves alternatively of sing environmental impacts. Ecosystems interact on planetary to local graduated tables ; local graduated table alterations contribute to planetary alterations and frailty versa ( Wilbank. ) Benefits planetary in nature comprise of storage of atmospheric C and maintaining or increasing degrees of biodiversity. Regional benefits consist of watershed protection. Many ecosystem service benefits are local, and frequently are regarded as being the greatest of importance, impacting day-to-day lives straight. As many ecosystem services are locally appreciated ; local dwellers suffer the most when losingss occur ; hence graduated table influences the benefits societies and the environment receive ( . ) Locally, societal mechanism methods from transmittal of cognition, ordinances, and values to patterns are utilized ( Berkes et al 2000. ) These kind of systems used may work on a local degree ; nevertheless degrees of success may non assist globally. On a planetary degree the environment is addressed ; nevertheless on a l ocal degree human wellbeing is of importance. The Millennium Ecosystems Assessment conceptualized ecosystem services into four serving classs ; proviso, ordinance, cultural and back uping, all of which are significantly linked. MEA is based on indexs of ecosystem provinces and biodiversity, human wellbeing, direct and in-direct force per unit areas and ecosystems services flows. The MEA illustrates the trouble in showing nexus between ecosystem alterations and human well-being fluctuations, impacting upon the degrees of benefits society and the environment receive ( Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. ) The environment provides the necessities for life, from clean H2O to climate ordinance. The provisioning service identifies services including ; nutrient, fiber and fuel and the cultural services provides benefits to people through cultural, rational and religious inspiration. Other services provided are uncommonly recognised ; including regulation services, which address clime ordinance and H2O purification, and back uping services which sustain seed dispersion and alimentary cycling ( Kumar et al 2010. ) Food cycling aids the environment, supplying all beings with shelter and nutrient growing, through increased works productiveness. Plant growing sweetening and secondary seed dispersion increases workss growing and output ; supplying society with the benefits of an agricultural economic system. Provisioning services, e.g. harvest pollenation, can increase the output, quality and stableness of merchandises ; hence heightening the diet nutritionally. Economic benefits besides occur ; & A ; lb ; 195 billion yearly is brought in by purveying services. Regulating services, e.g. C segregation, aids the remotion of GHG from the ambiance ; hence profiting society and the environment, through cut downing the figure of negative impacts. Increased information and cognition would avoid farther economic harm. Cultural services aid keep cultural value ( Kumar et al 2010. ) Turning demands for purveying services has have been met at the disbursal of back uping, modulating and cultural ecosystem ser vices.Research by the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment found, at a planetary degree, diminutions in many of the ecosystem services have been complimented by increased in human wellbeing and nutrient beginnings. Research identifies worsening services are non relevant to society ; therefore attending should be focused on the improving services ( Raudsepp-Hearne et al 2010 ) doing farther impacts upon environmental benefits. Measuring and valuing ecosystem services is a new construct ; nevertheless ecosystems are dateless. In footings of mensurating ecosystems, indexs are utile when following tendencies and responses. Measuring ecosystem services involves placing the benefits people receive and the ecosystem capacity to present a peculiar service ( Kumar et al 2010. ) The multidimensional attack, of valuing ecosystem services, is socially combative but utile when distinguishing and mensurating tradeoffs between society and nature. Irrespective of ecosystem maps and there debasement effects ; ecosystem services are undervalued by society, as a consequence of? due to a deficiency of consciousness of the relationship between the operation of human support systems and the natural ecosystem. ( Liu et al 2010. ) Research has focussed on understanding human penchants for ecosystem services ; undervaluing the value of modulating and back uping service, this could be why society positions at that place current demands before the environment ( Liu et al 2010. ) The cardinal instance for ecosystem service ratings include, lending towards better decision-making ; taking into history costs and benefits to the environment and society ( Liu et al 2010. ) Environmental concern has dramatically increased, recognizing the value of the natural ecosystems. Through hu man-led force per unit areas, debasement of ecosystems and increased consciousness ; our cognition of exposure to human public assistance and ecosystem alteration, is indispensable for guaranting sustainable development and esteeming the demands of future coevalss. Economic values are easier to see in footings of cost-benefit analysis. Revealed penchant methods, state-preference methods, cost-based method, benefit transportation and nonmonetary methods are manners to value environmental goods. The revealed penchant incorporates ; ratings direct from willingness to pay for goods and services, economic end product impacts and recreational benefits. For illustration, New York faced a pick of put ining a new H2O filtration works bing $ 4-6 billion dollars or non. Valuing the country and biodiversity lead to positive results as the H2O supply improved biodiversity ( Kumar et al 2010. ) Without valuing the nature of this system more negative results could hold occurred, for illustration, increased wellness deductions from imbibing soiled H2O. Society and the environment were proved to derive great benefits, if right determinations are made. Ecosystems services provide us with a utile tool for conveying different subjects together, in footings of taki ng all factors into consideration ( Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. ) Biodiversity and ecosystem services are public goods ; ensuing in large inducements for private development beyond socially optimal degrees ( . ) If a sufficient degree of wealth is achieved, social precedences may underscore the quality of the environment and the services it delivers, therefore could supply greater benefits to the environment as society become more cognizant. On the other manus, a growing in economic returns could take to a reduced concern on the biodiversity of the Earth. Disadvantages to valuing ecosystem services include the usage of stray person values which are frequently so aggregated to stand for a socially-relevant unit, such as a community, province, state or full planet. This scheme of valuing is appropriate when services provided are strictly separately enjoyed but are non suited on a planetary graduated table ( Farber, Costanza and Wilson ) Depending on state of affairss, different valuing techniques need to be utilised in order to derive benefits for the environment and society. A farther disadvantage to valuing ecosystems include ; disregarding the intrinsic value, wrong economic ratings and biodiversity ‘s complexness, uncertainness and irreversibility ( Kumar et al 2010. ) Monetizing of the environmental services can be hazardous, and safeguards need to be taken. Many favour monetising ecosystem services as a determination assistance ; nevertheless due to the complex nature of these services restrictions apply ( Liu et al 2010. ) Many ecosystem services do n't measure up for market trading, as they are non private in nature, for illustration, inundation protection services, one time these services are made available, may indirectly go available to all ( Farber et al 2002. ) The economic invisibleness of nature is debatable as false appraisals are present taking to market failures ( The Economicss of Ecosystems and Biodiversity. ) Economies can fall in without the services of ecological life-support systems and if services are non adapted or managed ( Costonza et al 1997. ) Tiping points, such as, over deforestation and overfishing negatively impacts the environment ; accordingly impacting societies. Deforestation leads to increasing sums of GHG, in the ambiance, heightening planetary heating. Decreased fish stocks affect the nutrient concatenation accordingly impacting available nutrient stocks ( Lenton T.M. et al 2008. ) Both the society and the environment are really closely interlinked, monetising services can either impact positively or negatively. Payment for ecosystem services involves offering inducements to landholders or husbandmans in exchange for pull offing their land to supply ecological services ; hence changing the economic inducements of the land. The transparent system for proviso of environmental services, through voluntary suppliers and conditional payments, purposes to advance the preservation of natural resources in the market place. Poverty relief is of import to PES but should n't be classed as the chief aim ( Wunders 2005. ) For society and the environment to profit from the payment for ecosystem services it must be competitory. PES adapts current patterns to better the environment. Society is less likely to profit impacting supports negatively, in footings of cut downing nutrient resources handiness. Schemes are frequently biased to richer, better-educated, urban-based husbandmans with larger farms ( Zbinden and downwind 2005. ) intending the hapless, undereducated husbandmans remain destitute. Human wellbeing has been impacted, influenced and shaped by the nature and conditions of ecosystems. To bring forth human public assistance, ecosystem services need flows of information, energy and stuff from a scope of beginnings. Ecosystem services contribute to economic public assistance, through income coevals, well-being and the bar of harm that could bring down costs on society. The relationship between ecosystem services and human wellbeing can take on several different signifiers. Rising incomes frequently lead to a diminution in some ecosystem services ( Levy et al 2005. ) For illustration, economic growing from agricultural enlargement has improved human wellbeing, but at the disbursal of dirt quality. Human impacts are now of greater strength and in most instances we can no longer disregard the effects. Human well-being depends on the changeless supply of services attained from ecosystems. Increased human action has changed ecosystems extraordinary. Benefits of alteration are spatially unevenly distributed among persons or even states taking to human and ecological systems under multiple emphasiss. Peoples populating in drylands and cragged countries encounter lower ecosystem productiveness ; hence wellbeing diminishes ( Rehdanz K, Maddison D 2005. ) The negative impacts of urban colonies on ecosystem services and human wellbeing, in flush states, have been delayed and passed onto future coevalss or displaced to different location. Ecosystem services provide direct and indirect benefits for worlds. Direct benefits are obtained, from the ecosystems workss and animate beings, in the signifier of natural stuffs and nutrient. Other direct benefits provided by the universe ‘s ecosystem include familial resources that flow from biodiversity ; hence developing medicine and progressing cognition on the output and opposition of harvests. Indirect benefits ascend from ecosystem interactions. For illustration, eroding control, H2O purification and seed dispersion via animate beings. Other less touchable benefits comprise of the enjoyment of a sundown and the religious significance of countries. Pilgrimages for betterments in human well-being occur, therefore placing that ecosystems are psychologically ingrained into our lives. Many services besides represent a considerable economic resource, occupations associated with touristry and agribusiness are all illustrations of money exchange. Net human wellbeing is better served by keeping ecosystems in a status that provides quality services for the present twenty-four hours and future coevalss. It is local dwellers who have the greater inducement to continue the ecosystems they depend on. Local people have possible for pull offing ecosystems sustainably and for damaging them. But local communities seldom control the ecosystems they inhabit ; with the market for ecosystem goods going progressively planetary and regulated by the authorities can overmaster the locals interactions. In decision, the ecosystem service attack provides benefits and limitations to society and the environment. As a society, changing the ways in which we view the environment is hard ; nevertheless with increased policies and more consciousness of the impacts we provide the environment, positions can be altered. At this minute in clip the ecosystem service attack provides greater benefits to the society as seen by the addition in human wellbeing and nutrient beginnings. Fewer benefits are impacting the environment as human high quality and wellbeing is viewed as being a precedence. The authorities, as they have the power to act upon new market solutions, should be the leaders in carry throughing the ecosystem service attack to supply benefits to society without impacting the demands of the environment. The authorities must therefore develop and implement policies and strategies, which have the ability to accomplish benefits for all. Governments have the ability to implement statute law which affect both the benefits society and the environment receive ; nevertheless it is easier to supervise the benefits in which society receive than the of all time altering environment. Human Domination of Earth ‘s Ecosystems 1997Peter M. Vitousek, Harold A. Mooney, Jane Lubchenco, Jerry M. MelilloEconomic and ecological constructs for valuing ecosystem servicesfarber, costanza Wilson 2002Wunders 2005. ) ( TEEB Foundations 2010 Ehrlich and Ehrlich 1981 Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Vitousek et Al 1997 Wilbank Berkes et Al 2000 Kumar et Al 2010 ( Raudsepp-Hearne et Al 2010 Liu et Al 2010 Farber, Costanza and Wilson ( Farber et al 2002 The Economicss of Ecosystems and Biodiversity Lenton T.M. et al 2008 Zbinden and Lee 2005 Wunders 2005 Levy et Al 2005 Rehdanz K, Maddison D 2005

The Theme of Identity in Chang-Rae Lee’s Native Speaker

Chang-rae Lee's first novel Native Speaker became a real success. It makes a significant impact on people, as it touches eternal questions of identity search in the contemporary society. The novel won a great number of awards, which include the 1996 Hemingway Foundation/PEN Award for First Fiction, the Barnes & Noble Discover Great New Writers Award, QPB's New Voices Award and others. It appeared in The New York Times and The Best American Essays and Chang-Rae Lee was a finalist for Granta’s American Novelists. What is remarkable Native Speaker is really worthy of all these awards. Theme of identity is a central one in Native Speaker. The main character of this novel is Henry Park. His parents were Korean immigrants and so all his life Henry tries to become a real American, a native speaker. Henry works as a spy for Glimmer and Associates. His main task is to collect information about non-white immigrants and citizens who have shadowy past. After his son’s death and the break with his wife Leila Henry is immersed into identity crisis. Only by the end of the novel he is able to recover from this crisis and find his true identity. Henry has analyzed all his life and seen some things in a new light, he makes a long way full of difficulties, disappointments and despair before he comes to true understanding of his identity. After their son’s death Lelia cannot understand Henry’s reaction, his emotionless state. In reality, Henry cannot come in turns with his son’s loss, he takes it very hard, but he does not want to show it, he hides his feelings and closes in his shell. Before Lelia’s departure at the airport she gives Henry a brief note, where she describes him: â€Å"You are surreptitious / B+ student of life†¦. Yellow peril: neo-American†¦stranger / follower / traitor / spy† (Lee 12). This pushes him to reflection about his life. Starting analyzing his past Henry understands that his ability to repress emotions, his skills to memorize everything he learns and a tendency to wear a mask to be socially accepted can be explained by his Korean origin. He also understands that these skills help him to be a natural spy. He is an alien in America, although he was born here, he does his best to be a true American. He does not admit this fact even in his mind but starting thinking about his parents and his origin he understands that it is true. His profession used to help him feel protected and real American because his main mission is to control non-white people: spying is â€Å"the perfect vocation for the person I was, someone who could reside in one place and take half steps out whenever he wished [. . .] I thought I had finally found my truest place in the culture† (Lee 127).   At the same time his cold and detached attitude alienates his wife from him. All Henry’s thoughts about his past do not allow him to continue his work, he cannot wear his spy mask any more. He loses his job then he gets another opportunity to work with John Kwang, but this work again reminds him about his Korean origin and his father. Henry tires to reconnect with his wife. She is not sure whether she really means anything for him, whether he loves her or just requires as the housemaid, whose name he does not know. Lelia always pushes her husband for the empathetic reflections. He feels that he must overcome this barrier in cultures between them. Henry knows that Lelia cannot hide her feelings as he does and he loves her for this. â€Å"She must be the worst actor on earth. And perhaps most I loved this about her, her helpless way, love it still, how she can't hide a single thing, that she looks hurt when she is hurt, seems happy when happy. That I know at every moment the precise place where she stands† (Lee 158).   All in all Henry convinces his wife that she is his life and that she is extremely important for him. He finally is able to be close with Lelia, to build intimacy between them. His perception of the world has changed and so has his identity. At the end of the novel Henry is completely different person with much broader identity. He has found a balance between American and Korean cultures. He has reached harmony inside of his soul. Now he understands that America does not make fell foreigners aliens but it gives freedom and an opportunity to realize desires and make dreams come true. Henry becomes a native speaker of his self and that helps him to be successful in all his activities. Henry understands that identity is something more than just American or Korean nationality. It is your inner self and it does not matter where you live and what you do and what language you speak, the only thing that matter is your inner freedom and moral certainty. Works Cited: Lee, Chang-Rae. Native Speaker. NY: Riverhead Books, 1995.      

Relationship between Economic Growth and Nations Health

Relationship between Economic Growth and Nations Health Introduction Economic growth is deemed a positive attribute and it is one of the major aspirations of all nations. This growth results in prosperity for the nation as citizens the per-capita income rises and individuals gain a higher purchasing power.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Relationship between Economic Growth and Nations Health specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In addition to this, other positive outcomes such as improved standards of living, better education opportunities, and better health care are attributed to economic growth. Researchers suggest that good health and economic growth influence each other in profound ways and each has major consequences on the other (Guillem et al. 240). Ascertaining the influence of economic growth in health care is necessary for policy makers since such an intimate understanding of the relationship between economic growth and population health will enable them to formula te astute policies that will foster economic growth and enhance population health. This paper will argue that there is a clear relationship between economic growth and the nation’s health with greater economic growth resulting in better health outcomes for the general population. Positive Impact of Economic Growth on Health Outcomes There is a strong correlation between economic growth and better environmental protection measures. Panayotou reveals that as a countrys economy becomes stronger, greater environmental protection measures are adopted therefore countering the negative impacts that increased industrial activity might have on the environment (45). Growth in economic activity results in an increase in business expenditures on pollution abatement costs. Researchers demonstrate that as countries increase their industrial activity in order to fuel economic growth, the amount of money dedicated to reducing the emission of pollutants increases (Guillem et al. 250). Data fr om the OECD reveals that expenditures by the government and private establishments to reduce pollution increased with the increase in income per capita. The pollution abatement costs in the Netherlands rose from 1.6% in 1990 to 2.0% of GDP in 1998. This increase in abatement costs is the norm in industrialized countries reflecting the desire by governments and private entities to reduce pollution with the increase in economic growth. Economic growth therefore drives nations to take action to protect the environment and therefore improve the health outcomes of the population by ensuring that they are not subjected to high levels of pollution. A growing economy is by itself an indication of a healthy population since economic growth is fostered by good health among society members. Guillem, Rivera and Luis reveal that good health raises levels of human capital and this has a positive effect on economic growth rates (3). Healthier populations generally exhibit higher productivity furth er boosting economic growth.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Healthier workers will exhibit higher work productivity since they will have reduced incapacity, and absent days from work therefore raising performance. The UN and ESCAP state that Good health increases the physical capacities of workers thereby enhancing their productivity (6). Economic growth will only be experienced if there is good health among individuals in the population. This growth is therefore an indicator of thriving health outcomes among individuals in the nation. Economic growth results in an improvement in the standards of living and nutrition for the general population. Guillem et al observes that these outcomes of economic growth result in better health for individuals (242). Poor economic conditions are characterized by lower standards of living where sanitation levels are low therefore exposing people do diseases. A poor economy is further on characterized by low incomes by individuals, which makes it impossible for them to enjoy a good nutrition. High standards of living ensure that people are able to observe good hygiene and avoid opportunistic infections. The UN and ESCAP states that diseases such as typhoid and diarrhoea are caused by poor sanitation and such illnesses are confined to areas where standards of living are low (7). Economic growth will therefore ensure that people are not prone to diseases that are exacerbated by poor standards of living. Economic growth has been fuelled by technological advances made by humans over the centuries. With new technological progress, the economic growth of a nation is elevated. Guillem et al documents that this technological progress is reflected in improvements in medicine and medical technology (242). These improvements mean that better cures are obtained for illnesses that typically afflict people and the mortalit y rate is therefore reduced. Research supports this assertion with studies showing that life expectancy is a significant predictor of income levels and also of future economic growth (Guillem et al. 242). Improvements in health outcomes in the last century were attributed to the technical progresses made. UN and ESCAP document that mortality declined by about 50% from 1960 to 1990 because of technical advances, which can be directly linked to economic development (8). This assertion is corroborated by Swint et al. who elaborate that new technologies developed because of economic growth have increased health knowledge and this has led to tremendous declines in childhood mortality rates and contributed to human longevity (78). Economic growth enables the government and individuals to invest in health. The successful economy will result in surplus capital that will enable people to access better health. The UN and ESCAP document that lack of financial investment in health is the critic al factor behind underdeveloped health systems in many countries (7).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Relationship between Economic Growth and Nations Health specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This underdevelopment in health care facilities makes it impossible for governments to provide access to universal health care for their citizens. Financial constraints also affect the quality of services in the available health care facilities that contributes to the prevalence of ill health in many poor countries. Sustained economic growth will create wealth that will enable the government and private actors to invest in the health sector. Investment by the private sector is encouraged by economic growth since the investors are assured of getting returns on their investment since the population will be able to afford health care. This premise is confirmed by Guillem et al note that economic growth leads to greater consumption and investments in health care: a fact that has led many economists to admit that improvements in economic growth and health are mutually reinforcing (250). Data indicates that the environment is improving in developed countries and these improvements are credited to the growth in the economy. Aguayo-Rico observes that cities in the US are cleaner than they were in the past and there have been some cases of dramatic improvements in environmental quality as the emission of health threatening toxics is reduced to marginal levels (5). A review of air pollutant emissions in the US since 1940 demonstrates that the levels of emissions decrease as the income per capita increases. Data from 1940 to 1998 shows that emissions of sulphur, nitrogen oxides, and carbon monoxide all decreased by an average of 98%, 60%, and 88% respectively during this period (Aguayo-Rico 6). Economic growth will result in significant reduction in pollution levels and therefore lead to a decline in the number of di seases caused by pollutants. Economic growth may directly lead to less pollution by driving nations away from the pollution intensive industries. Swint et al argue that countries are likely to shift to less pollution intensive industries as their economy grows and this will lead to better health outcomes since pollution levels will be lowered (96). This argument is supported by the realities in the United States where the manufacturing industry has experienced a slow but steady shift towards less pollution intensive industries and therefore significantly reduced the pollution levels in the country. Economic growth has made it possible for the country to do away with some of its most pollution intensive industries over time with positive health outcomes being realized by the population. Negative Impacts of Economic Growth on Health Economic activity is often accompanied by industrial activity that results in environmental pollution. Davis reveals that economic activity affects the le vels of air pollution and by extension human health (1951). The level of air pollution is influenced by the economic activity with high levels of economic growth translating to higher industrial action and therefore higher air pollution levels. Air pollution is a health risk and it results in marked increases in mortality rates.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Aguayo-Rico asserts, The levels of particulate matter in the air are associated with the risk of death from all causes and of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases (5). Economic growth leads to the emission of chemicals that cause severe health effects such as cancer, damage to the immune system to name but a few. Economic growth often results in the emission of unwanted by-products, which have to be disposed of. Nature is expected to act as a sink to these harmful pollutants and when a country lacks good waste management practices, environmental quality falls. It is therefore probable that declining economic growth would increase the health outcomes of the population since it would be characterized by lower industrial activities and environmental pollution. Economic growth in most countries is characterized by a growing margin between the rich and the poor. This statement holds true for most developed countries as well as developing countries such as India and China. The income i nequality fuelled by economic growth does not foster the development of public health since there is inequitable access to health care opportunities. Aguayo-Rico argues that people in highly industrialized regions such as cities are forced to spend more on health care since they are exposed to higher risks due to pollution (5). However, only the richest portion of the urban population can afford to indulge in these expensive health care services. Orme et al. argues that societies that are more egalitarian are healthier and more socially cohesive (216). The authors further argue that good health outcomes in a society are not just the by-product of economic growth but rather a product of domestic social policies that promote equitable health care opportunities. Economic growth is therefore not necessary for progress to be made in public health and the health outcomes of the population Economic growth poses an emerging public health risk for many societies. Orme et al. explain that as a nation experiences economic growth, it experiences an increase in its urban-based population, a transition that brings new public health risks (217). The effect of communicable diseases such as the recent outbreak of the Severed Acute Respiratory Syndrome in urban populations is major due to the dense population in these areas. Non-communicable diseases such as coronary heart disease and cancers are also on the increase due to economic growth and development. Coronary diseases are mostly caused by the lifestyle choices of the individual. As the economy advances, people have more money to use on The World Health Organization reveals that, there is a link between economic growth in the developing world and tobacco-related diseases (Orme et al. 217). Increase in tobacco-related morbidity and disease is therefore directly linked to economic growth. Economic growth has caused global environmental changes. Researchers agree that key global environmental changes have been brought about b y the intensity of modern consumer driven economies (Orme 220). These changes to the earths climate have long-term risks to the health outcomes of the population. The WHO illustrates that fluctuations in climate variables have been responsible for the spread of infectious diseases (Orme 220). As the economic growth accelerates, the rate of environmental changes will increase therefore exposing the population to more infectious diseases. Economic growth will therefore contribute to the negative health outcomes of the population. Discussion While the link between health and economic development is straightforward, the link between economic development and health is complicated with some researchers arguing that economic growth is detrimental to a nation’s health care while others declare that it is beneficial to the health outcomes of the nation. This paper has demonstrated that economic growth will cause both positive and negative impacts on the health of the population. Howev er, research demonstrates that the negative impacts are only temporary in nature. The Environmental Kuznets Curve that proposes that the environmental first worsens as economic growth begins and then improves at higher economic growth levels can be used to explain the impacts of economic growth on health. From this theory, economic growth will at the beginning result in poorer health outcomes as the environment is intensely degraded to cater for the demands of the economic activity. However, the environmental impacts will be reversed when the levels of development are sufficiently high since the economy will move to technology that is more efficient, raise the levels of environmental quality, and therefore decrease environmental degradation. Conclusion This paper set out to argue that there is a positive link between economic growth and the health of the population. The paper has demonstrated that health and economic outcomes are mutually reinforcing in all the developed nations in the world. The spill over effects of economic growth result in higher health outcomes for individuals in the society and economic growth leads populations to live better lives and enjoy better health outcomes. Even so, it has been documented that economic progress does not automatically lead to better health and it may in fact be responsible for adverse impacts on the health of the population. Addressing the pollution effects of economic growth is integral to ensuring that economic growth and development do not impede the population’s health. From the discussions presented in this paper, it can be projected that economic growth will continue to be an important goal of economic policy in our country since it has mostly positive impacts on the health and well being of the nations citizenry. However, this positive impact will only be achieved if humans make use of the technological advances to make improvements in air quality and provide sanitation and proper waste management. Aguayo-Rico, Andres. â€Å"Empirical Evidence of the Impact of Health on Economic Growth.† Issues in Political Economy 14.1 (2005): 1-17. Web. Davis, Mary. â€Å"Recessions and Health: The Impact of Economic Trends on Air Pollution in California.† American Journal of Public Health 102.10 (2012): 1951-1956. Print. Guillem, Lopez, Rivera Berta and Luis Currais. Health and Economic Growth: Findings and Policy Implications. Massachusetts: MIT Press, 2005. Print. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Pollution Abatement and Control Expenditures in OECD Countries?. Paris: OECD Secretariat, 2003. Print. Orme, Judy, Powell Jane, Pat Taylor, and Grey Melanie. Public Health for the 21st Century. NY: McGraw-Hill International, 2007. Print. Panayotou, Theodore. â€Å"Economic growth and the environment.† Economic Survey of Europe 5.2 (2003): 45-72. Web. Swint, Michael, Luisa Franzini, Chika Honda, Yuki Murakami, and Rafia Rasu. â€Å"Relationships b etween Economic Growth and Population Health in Low and Middle Income Countries.† Osaka Economic Papers 58.2 (2008): 74-106. Print. United Nations (UN) and Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP). Development of Health Systems in the Context of Enhancing Economic Growth towards Achieving the Millennium Development Goals in Asia and the Pacific. Paris: United Nations Publications, 2007. Print.

Crystal Starfish Ornament or Decoration

Crystal Starfish Ornament or Decoration Grow crystals on a small starfish to make a sparkling crystal starfish ornament or decoration. Crystal Starfish Materials You can grow any crystal solution on the starfish, including borax, salt, alum, Epsom salt and sugar. Borax is nice because the crystals grow overnight and add a dainty sparkly appearance to the starfish. Also, these crystals survive storage and packing between holidays quite well. small dried starfishstringjar big enough to hold the starfishstringhot waterborax (e.g., 20 Mule Team Borax How To Grow Crystals on the Starfish Tie a string or piece of nylon fishing line to the starfish. Make certain the starfish can hang in the jar without touching the side or bottom. You can wrap the string around a pencil or butter knife to control its length. Remove the starfish from the container.Mix a solution of very hot or boiling water and borax. Keep stirring in borax until it stops dissolving. This will be when a small amount of solid material remains in the bottom of the container.Pour this solution into the jar.Suspend the starfish in the liquid. Make certain it is submerged, but not touching the jar. Allow the crystals to grow for several hours or overnight.Remove the crystallized starfish from the liquid and hang it to allow it to dry. Thats it! You can use it as a holiday ornament or other decoration.You can store the starfish by wrapping it gently in tissue paper to protect it from dust and humidity. Tips and Tricks Borax allows the natural color of the starfish to show. However, if you want to add color, you can. Simply add a small amount of food coloring when you mix the borax and water. The food coloring does not color the crystals, but it will dye the starfish.Try growing crystals on small shells. Youll have the best success with porous shells because they provide places for the crystals to attach and grow. More Crystal Holiday Decorations Borax Crystal SnowflakeCrystallized Holiday StockingCrystal Paper SnowflakesMore Holiday Ornament Projects

Bring Your Own Device (BYOD Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Bring Your Own Device (BYOD - Case Study Example High numbers of employees in the current market organizations such as Russia and Brazil have developed their own way of making this strategy work. Bring Your Own Device initiative has been pointed out that businesses are unable to control their employees from bringing personal devices. However, this case study is divided in two ideologies. The benefits and risks involved in exercising Bring Your Own Device in workplaces (Wlech, 2015). The use of Bring Your Own Device at workplace has amplified substantially over the years. Hence, the use of paper and manual practices continues to diminish. For instance, schools have progressively used technology while studying through the use of gadgets such as tablets and personal computers. This type of learning assists students to be more cooperative and get involved in the learning process (Kelly, 2014). Bring Your Own Device has increased business productivity since organizations use green practices and positioning in a friendly environment. Bring Your Own Device saves money and creates peripheral support for employees’ hard work. However, Bring Your Own Device escalates productivity. This case study proves that employees are more productive if they are allowed to use their personal gadgets. There are numerous reasons for running a Bring Your Own Device strategy. One of these reasons is better satisfaction from the employees. Employees become more flexible while working. Bring Your Own Device saves cost expenditure in the workplace because it reduces spending on hardware maintenance and software licensing. While Bring Your Own Device increases motivation, the employees are more contented, more relaxed and often work efficiently with their personal devices (Evans, 2013). Though the use of Bring Your Own Device strategy is an advantage to a company as it makes employees more productive, the cost of this strategy is a great financial assurance to companies that procure many

Economic efficiency of green buildings Dissertation

Economic efficiency of green buildings - Dissertation Example Furthermore there is a growing awareness regarding the various ways in which sustainable practices can be incorporated within the industry such as the ‘green rating’ systems for buildings incorporated by governments of various nations, as well as industry wide practices. Such ratings help in measuring the carbon footprints of buildings, and thus provide the owners with detailed information and statistics, which can be used by them as a basis / foundation for implementing suitable changes. However, despite the growing awareness and information regarding the impact of current non-sustainable practices within this industry, on the environment, and the subsequent development of government imposed or industry led practices of rating systems, the success has been relatively lower than expected. This is because, most of the real estate developers and other institutional investors, are skeptical regarding the profits or benefits to them, on adoption and implementation of environ mentally friendly practices, since most of the evidence regarding this subject is, so far, highly anecdotal (Eichholtz, Kok,2009). ... However, the lack of enthusiasm within the industry or reluctance to implement the green initiatives is largely on account of the contradictions present in the literature and differing views and opinion of experts, regarding the credibility of the issue. There is an ongoing debate within the industry regarding the greenhouse effect of buildings, where deciding whether it is a market-driven approach, or a mandatory environmental regulation imposed by government, for various purposes is relatively difficult. One such example of government imposed obligation is the public display and/ or sharing of Energy Performance Certificates by buildings in accordance with the EU directive on the Energy Performance of Buildings (Fuerst, McAllister, 2008). Furthermore another reason for the lack of acceptance and implementation of green measures within this industry is the fact that there is a sever lack of understanding among the appraisers who are significantly conservative with regard to their ap proaches and business practices, and display a severe lack of training and knowledge regarding the consequences of non acceptance of environmentally friendly practices such as the use of cooling systems, and better air flow or use of environmentally friendly materials for construction etc among others. However, with the growing literature regarding the harmful side effects and the possible benefits of using environmentally friendly practices, is likely to bring about positive changes within the industry (Fuerst, McAllister, 2008). It has been increasingly established through research that the greener buildings are more likely as compared to their counterparts, to retain more value. This is evident from the fact that many of

International finance structure and IPE of international Debt Essay

International finance structure and IPE of international Debt - Essay Example The diagram also illustrates the law of demand. Fewer dollars will be demanded when the price of a dollar increases according to the law of demand. The chapter also provides appropriate examples, the Microsoft Vista example is very appropriate to understand how the exchange rate works in different countries. Interest rates also play a pivotal role in determining the value of a dollar. Business expectations also play a crucial role in determining the exchange rate, since Mexican Peso has been taken up as an example it is very important to also consider interest rates in Mexico and business expectations in Mexico. Capital gain is another subject that the chapter highlights. The business expectations in the United States are juxtaposed with the business expectations in Mexico. The demand part is initially presented in the chapter and the second part of the chapter comprehensively explains the supply side of the Dollar and how it relates to the Mexican economy. National income in the Uni ted States also plays a key role in the supply of the Dollar. ... same concept can be applied to different currencies and its exchange rate can easily be found out and in addition to this the factors affecting the exchange rate can also be found out. Foreign exchange rates are comprehensively explained in the following parts of chapter 7. Gold standard, Bretton Woods and floating exchange rate are the three most important exchange rate structures that have been used to determine the exchange rate. The Bretton Woods system of exchange was introduced in the year 1944 and the system was established in the Bretton Woods conference in New Hampshire. There is rapid growth and development taking place all across the globe, to make sure that everything goes on well, a system which should stabilize the growth is a must. This paper will throw light upon the advantages of the Bretton Woods system and it will also provide a comprehensive understanding of the Bretton Woods fixed exchange rate system. The system has very old roots, after the devastating World Wa r one all the countries wanted financial security to make sure that economic growth in the country takes place. The great depression in the 1929 was a result of the failure in the introduction of gold standard. Each and every currency intentionally deflated its currency in order to get high margin of profit from the exports which would decrease the deficit from the country’s economy. The same had an adverse affect on all the countries, it triggered off international deflation, and this majorly impacted many countries, mass unemployment increased, big enterprises were going bankrupt, global economy witnessed hyper inflation. There were talks held among the representatives of various countries to form a system which would bring stability with regard to the financial and economic well being

Reproductive Strategies in Birds

Reproductive Strategies in Birds Catherine Carrick Introduction Birds, like any other organism, constantly struggle to find a balance between the benefits of reproduction and the costs of reproductive effort expressed as adult mortality (RICKLEFS, 1977). As well as behavioural differences among species such as brood size, protection of young or the effort required for foraging, environmental factors influence avian reproductive strategies. This includes bionomics, for example; how efficiently a bird procures and utilizes available resources, and how it protects its investment (offspring). During the last 50 years it has become the consensus that reproduction and mortality rate among birds are directly proportional, and that the age of sexual maturity increases with adult survival rate (RICKLEFS, 2000), where reproduction rate is determined by the length of the breeding season, the clutch size, and nesting success. The evolution of optimum clutch size was one of the first studies conducted by David Lack (1947) where food supply directly influenced fecundity. Later studies showed that in most cases, birds with a longer life span such as albatrosses had decreased clutch sizes, postponed sexual maturity and decreased reproductive success due to greater parental investment and thus a greater risk of parental death. Environments are often unpredictable and birds such as the black kite (Milvus migrans) produces more offspring early on it life (SERGIO, 2010). Competition, resources and hazards change in such a way and often so rapidly that the kites would die before being able to reproduce if sexual maturity occurred much later. Life Histories When understanding reproductive strategies, is it important to understand what is meant by life history. It is the history of adaptations and genetic modifications of a population in response to changes in the environment. It is not to be confused with a life table, which shows the interactions of adaptations and genetic modifications with the environment. Genetic variation gives rise to an evolutionary response in the gene pool to variation in the environment. Changes in the environment tend to change the density and age structure among a population making the population either crash, or revert back to a state of equilibrium. Sex Ratio Aspects of birds lives can vary up to 10-fold among species with opposite life histories (RICKLEFS, 2000) and the theme of this evolution include several components. The first is sex ratios. Fishers principle states that when male births are less common, those male offspring have better mating potential than the female offspring and so the males have more offspring. This then means the genes for male procuring tendencies spread, male births become more common and a 1:1 sex ratio is approached (the equilibrium). This reduces again as being born male becomes less advantageous (Hamilton, 1967). A study by Neville et al (2008) showed the sex ratio of 298 nestlings from 81 nests of golden-winged warblers Vermivora chrysoptera to be approximately 50:50 (1:1). However, Daan et al (1996) observed some raptor species producing excess daughters early in the breeding season and males later in the season, whilst other species showed the opposite. The deviation may be explained by specific enviro nmental conditions having different consequential outcomes for male and female offspring (DAAN et al, 1996). Sexual Selection Males and females differ through sexual dimorphism and secondary sexual characters such as elaborate tail feathers. If there is heritable variation in a trait that affects the ability to obtain mates, then variants conducive to success will become more common over time. Peahens select for male peacocks with the largest most elaborate tail feathers, and so this character is genetically passed on and becomes more common. Access to mates is a limiting factor for males and it was predicted that sexual selection will be a stronger force in the evolution of males than females (BATEMAN, 1948). This leads to stronger competition over mates in males and means that females should be choosy as they invest heavily in reproduction, yet another reason why males have large plumage to advertise to females. There are two theories as to why a female would choose a male with costly characters. Firstly is the sexy sons theory where cost arises as the end product of a runaway process. Secondly is the go od genes theory where females choose mates with good genes to maximise viability of there offspring (TRIVERS, 1972). For example, those peacocks with the brightest, largest and most elaborate plumage indicate to a female their probable resistance to parasites. Parental investment This can be described as any parental interactions with their offspring that increases the offspring survival rate, at the cost of the parents ability to invest in other offspring (TRIVERS 1972). Social monogamy with biparental care (BURELY, JOHNSON, 1992) is common among avian species. However, this has evolved from a very  different diapsid lineage in the fact that most extant and extinct diapsids show promiscuity and mainly lack parental care (with exceptions like crocodilians). Fig. 2 shows the stages of evolution from limited parental care in the basal archosaur leading to increased biparental care and ultimate monogamy among extant avian species. In contrast, social parasitism can avoid the risks of parental investment as seen in North American cuckoos (Coccyzus sp.) where the cuckoo lays its eggs in a hosts nest and the host incubates and raises the parasitic cuckoo chicks. Parent-offspring conflict The conflict is at its peak during the parental care period. It is loosely divided into intrabrood conflict where the offspring favour different division on parental investment that that preferred by the parent (KILNER, 2007) and interbrood conflict where the demands made by the offspring are too great that the parent withholds investment for future reproduction. An example is given in a study by Stamps et al (1985) on budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulates) where in female-fed families the parent controlled food allocation as they did not favour begging, whereas, in male-fed families the offspring had the greatest control, as the male parents were susceptible to allocating food to those who begged. Optimization in a Variable Environment D. Cohen (1966, 1968) reached the conclusion that fluctuating environments always favour greater reproduction, whereas constant environments select for small litters (SHAFFER, 1974). A case study by Jetz et al (2008) examined clutch size from 5290 avian species worldwide and correlated the environmental influences with the comparative approach (the relation of clutch size to other biological traits) in one analysis. It showed conclusive evidence that backed Cohens theory. For example, avian species in more stable seasonal environments had larger clutch sizes than those of tropical birds where the climate changes unpredictably and rapidly. Nest predation Prolonged incubation and nestling periods increase the probability that those nests will attract predators. The opposite can be said for minimal incubation and nestling periods. Therefore it can be assumed that those species with larger clutch sizes, prolonged incubation or nestling periods have adopted and evolved strategies to evade predation. For example, Killdeer (Charadrius vociferous) eggs and chicks are extremely well camouflaged (Fig. 3). Niko Tinbergen (1967) found that in the case of the black-headed gull (Larus ridibundus), the adult would remove the eggshell a short time after its chick had hatched, and place it away from the nest. This meant leaving the chick alone momentarily, but the advantage of removing the white, un-camoflaged egg shell outweighed the cost of cannibalism of the chick from neighbouring gulls. This behaviour is heritable among all black-headed gulls. Birds that evolve in areas with few or no predators should then exhibit larger clutch sizes, prolonged incubation and nestling periods. This is seen in island species that have had time to evolve in the absence of predators. However, a study preformed by Trevelyan and Read (1989) showed no significant differences in reproductive strategies between mainland Australia and New Zealand species. Trevelyan and Read interpreted these observations to be due to the arrival of humans, stimulating reproductive strategies similar to those on the main land. Conclusion Birds expend a great deal of energy providing parental care, breeding and courtship, whether or not the offspring are precocial (an advanced state if development) or altricial (completely dependant on the parent/s). It is clear that productivity of breeding is intrinsically linked to an avian life span and environmental factors which constantly encroach on avian fecundity and mortality. Of the 10,000 known extant avian species, each has developed a unique reproductive strategy, whether its be elaborate plumage to attract a mate as seen in tropical birds (genetic); removing egg shells to avoid cannibalism of offspring (behavioural); or laying a large clutch to ensure survival of the next generation in an erratically changing environment.